Alhazhen
Alhazen (Born in 964 AD) was an Arabian mathematician, astronomer and physicist greatly known for writing a book about optics from 1011 to 1021 which explained in more detail his theories of perception. The most well known theory of his is that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then is directed to one's eyes. This theory was rivaled by Euclid and Ptolemy who believed that sight worked by the eye emitting rays of light and Aristotle, the intromission theory which had physical forms entering the eye from an object. Alhazen showed through experiment that light travels in straight lines, and carried out various experiments with lenses, mirrors, refraction, and reflection. He also invented the first Camera know as Camera Obscura
The Camera Obscura
The Camera Obscura (Invented in 1015-1021) coming from Latin meaning Dark Room,
is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. The surroundings of the projected image have to be relatively dark for the image to be clear, so many historical camera obscura experiments were performed in dark rooms.
is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. The surroundings of the projected image have to be relatively dark for the image to be clear, so many historical camera obscura experiments were performed in dark rooms.
Johann Schultz
Johann Hienrich Schultz was a German psychiatrist and an independent psychotherapist. Schultz became world-famous for the development of a system of self-hypothesis called Autogenic Training. He discovered that silver salts, specifically a piece of chalk dipped in silver nitrate turned black from white when exposed to the sun. The unexposed side remained white. He experimented creating crude photographic impressions, but eventually it all turned black due to exposure.
Calotype and Daguerrotype
The daguerreotype method was invented in the 1830s by Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, a French painter and physicist. He discovered that exposing an image onto a copper plate coated with iodized silver would produce a lasting image if it was also exposed to mercury vapor and fixed with a common salt solution. Later, other vapors were used. Daguerreotypes are captured on polished silver, making it reflective, like a mirror.
William Fox Talbot moved on to another photographic process in which photographic paper was brushed with a salt solution, dried, then brushed with a silver nitrate solution and dried again, creating a silver chloride. Talbot then added gallic acid, making the paper more sensitive to light. After exposure, the image was fixed with another iodized solution. To make a print, the negative was placed on top of more photo paper, laid flat in a glass frame and allowed to develop in sunlight. Talbot patented this process in 1841.
William Fox Talbot moved on to another photographic process in which photographic paper was brushed with a salt solution, dried, then brushed with a silver nitrate solution and dried again, creating a silver chloride. Talbot then added gallic acid, making the paper more sensitive to light. After exposure, the image was fixed with another iodized solution. To make a print, the negative was placed on top of more photo paper, laid flat in a glass frame and allowed to develop in sunlight. Talbot patented this process in 1841.
George Eastman
George Eastman was an American Entrepreneur the was very famous for the perfected version of the Dry Plate technique in photography this was a glass plate coated with a gelatin emulsion of silver bromide. It can be stored until exposure, and after exposure it can be brought back to a darkroom for development at leisure. He founded the Eastman Kodak company and popularized the use of roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.
Well done. You have researched the key players in greater depth. EBI- you included more images.
Camera Obscura
This is the Camera Obscura that I made with Fredi. It is made out of a cardboard box with 2 sides taped up to stop all light getting in. With 2 other opposite sides we cut a big square 1 cm from the edge of the side
on one side and a 1cm by 1cm square hole on the other. We then covered the big square with tracing paper and tapes a magnifying glass behind the smaller hole. After this the Camera Obscura was complete. To use the Camera Obscura, we placed the smaller hole next to light to get a inverted image appear on the tracing paper. This is just a smaller version of the actual Camera Obscura which was a room with a hole in it projecting a natural image through the light inverted on the opposite wall of the room. It is a miniature version of the real Camera Obscura which is the size of a small room. changing the aperture would be difficult and could only be done if there were many camera obscura's with different lens sized holes. It wasn't easy to carry one camera obscura as it had to be wheeled by some sort of carriage so many of them would of been hard to carry around by one person meaning aperture change wasn't used much.
on one side and a 1cm by 1cm square hole on the other. We then covered the big square with tracing paper and tapes a magnifying glass behind the smaller hole. After this the Camera Obscura was complete. To use the Camera Obscura, we placed the smaller hole next to light to get a inverted image appear on the tracing paper. This is just a smaller version of the actual Camera Obscura which was a room with a hole in it projecting a natural image through the light inverted on the opposite wall of the room. It is a miniature version of the real Camera Obscura which is the size of a small room. changing the aperture would be difficult and could only be done if there were many camera obscura's with different lens sized holes. It wasn't easy to carry one camera obscura as it had to be wheeled by some sort of carriage so many of them would of been hard to carry around by one person meaning aperture change wasn't used much.
Shutter Speed
shutter speed is the length of time when the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time. The purpose of doing this is for creating dramatic effects by either freezing action or blurring motion. A camera’s shutter speed is measured as a fraction of a second for all speeds that are under a second. For example 1/250 means one two hundred and fiftieth of a second, or 1/8 means one eighth of a second.
Capturing Movement
Phillippe Halsman
Philippe Halsman, born in 1906, was a Latvian Photographer that lived in Paris to pursue his dream of taking amazing photos of people jumping. This quote from Halsman "Starting in the early 1950s I asked every famous or important person I photographed to jump for me. I was motivated by a genuine curiosity. After all, life has taught us to control and disguise our facial expressions, but it has not taught us to control our jumps. I wanted to see famous people reveal in a jump their ambition or their lack of it, their self-importance or their insecurity, and many other traits" reflected upon people greatly and resulted in famous photos of celebrities being taken while their jumping.
Aperture
Aperture is a hole within the lens, through which light travels into the camera body. The aperture and focal length of a camera determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. You can shrink or enlarge the size of the aperture to allow more or less light to reach your camera sensor. In doing this it can cause a unfocused effect on the background to make the foreground stand out in a nicer image. The images below show the difference between how large the aperture hole is.